N3 grammar · Lesson 29

Written style: 「である」「〜ず」「〜ため」「〜により」

この町まちの人口じんこうは、三十年前さんじゅうねんまえの半分はんぶんである。

Learn the 「である」 style; link sentences with 「〜ず」「〜ため」「〜により」「〜ではなく」 and the stem; know 「〜において」; rewrite speech for reports.

Practise Paid

In this lesson

  1. 01Three styles: です, だ and である
  2. 02Written links: 「〜ず」, 「〜ため」, 「〜により」
  3. 03「〜ではなく」: not … but …
  4. 04「〜において」: just recognise it
  5. 05Rewriting speech as written style
  6. 06Compared with similar expressions

Practice

  • Match the spoken and written forms
  • Choose the correct 「である」 style
  • Which sentence suits a report?
  • Choose the phrase for each blank
  • Rewrite in written style
  • Put the pieces in order, in written style

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Practice

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