Radicals: learn kanji from their parts
At N3, kanji have more strokes. First learn to spot the radical (「部首」 in Japanese): in many kanji, one side hints at the kind of meaning and the other at the reading. Once you know the radicals, new kanji are easier to take apart and remember.
| Radical | Meaning it hints at | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 亻 | person | 休む、体、住む |
| 氵 | water | 洗う、海、酒 |
| 扌 | hand | 持つ、払う、押す |
| 言 | speech, language | 話す、読む、日本語 |
| 女 | woman | 姉、妹、結婚 |
| 辶 | walking, moving | 近い、送る、運ぶ |
The radical isn’t always on the left: in 「妻」 the 女 is at the bottom, and 辶 wraps round the lower left. The other part often hints at the on’yomi: 「市」 on the right of 「姉」 is read シ, and the on’yomi of 「姉」 is シ too (「姉妹」); 「彼」 and 「皮」 both have the on’yomi ヒ.
Watch out
A radical is only a clueRadicals help you take kanji apart and remember them, but you can’t always guess the meaning. 「達」 has 辶, yet in 「友達」 it marks a plural; the radical of 「親」 is 「見」, yet it means “parent”, which the radical alone would never tell you. Check the meaning of each new kanji one by one.
A few words in this lesson can’t be read by putting single-kanji readings together: 「兄弟」 is not 「あにおとうと」; the 夫 in 「夫婦」 is read 「ふう」; and in 「友達」, 「たち」 after 「とも」 becomes voiced: 「だち」.
Brothers, sisters and parents
- 兄Strokes: 5
older brother
- On’yomi
- キョウ
- Kun’yomi
- あに
「お兄さん」 is a special reading; on its own the kanji is read 「あに」.
兄
older brother (your own)
お兄さん
older brother (addressing him, or someone else’s)
兄弟
brothers and sisters, siblings
- 弟Strokes: 7
younger brother
- On’yomi
- ダイ・デ
- Kun’yomi
- おとうと
弟
younger brother (your own)
弟さん
younger brother (someone else’s)
兄弟
brothers and sisters, siblings
弟子
apprentice, disciple
- 姉Strokes: 8
older sister
- On’yomi
- シ
- Kun’yomi
- あね
「お姉さん」 is a special reading; on its own the kanji is read 「あね」.
姉
older sister (your own)
お姉さん
older sister (addressing her, or someone else’s)
姉妹
sisters
- 妹Strokes: 8
younger sister
- On’yomi
- マイ
- Kun’yomi
- いもうと
妹
younger sister (your own)
妹さん
younger sister (someone else’s)
姉妹
sisters
- 親Strokes: 16
parent; close
- On’yomi
- シン
- Kun’yomi
- おや・したしい
「親」 is a father or mother, not a relative; a relative is 「親戚」.
親
parent, parents
両親
parents (both)
親切
kind, helpful
親しい
close, friendly
- 族Strokes: 11
family; tribe
- On’yomi
- ゾク
- Kun’yomi
- —
家族
family
民族
ethnic group, people
水族館
aquarium
| Meaning | Your own | Someone else’s, or addressing them |
|---|---|---|
| older brother | 兄 | お兄さん |
| older sister | 姉 | お姉さん |
| younger brother | 弟 | 弟さん |
| younger sister | 妹 | 妹さん |
| parents | 両親 | ご両親 |
Tip
「兄弟」 can mean brothers and sisters together: 「兄弟は いますか。」 asks “Do you have any brothers or sisters?” For sisters only, use 「姉妹」. At home, people call an older brother or sister 「お兄ちゃん」 or 「お姉ちゃん」; younger ones are usually just called by name.
Husband, wife and marriage
- 主Strokes: 5
main; master
- On’yomi
- シュ
- Kun’yomi
- おも・ぬし
主婦
housewife
主人
husband; owner (of a shop)
主な
main, chief
持ち主
owner
- 夫Strokes: 4
husband; man
- On’yomi
- フ・フウ・ブ
- Kun’yomi
- おっと
It has several readings: フウ in 「夫婦」 and 「工夫」, ブ in 「大丈夫」.
夫
husband (your own)
夫婦
married couple
工夫
working out a way, a clever idea
大丈夫
all right, no problem
- 妻Strokes: 8
wife
- On’yomi
- サイ
- Kun’yomi
- つま
妻
wife (your own)
夫妻
husband and wife (more formal)
妻子
wife and children
- 婦Strokes: 11
woman; wife
- On’yomi
- フ
- Kun’yomi
- —
夫婦
married couple
主婦
housewife
婦人服
women’s clothing
- 婚Strokes: 11
marriage
- On’yomi
- コン
- Kun’yomi
- —
結婚
marriage, getting married
結婚式
wedding
離婚
divorce
- 結Strokes: 12
tie; bind
- On’yomi
- ケツ
- Kun’yomi
- むすぶ
Before a sound from the か row, 「ケツ」 becomes 「けっ」, with a small っ: 「結果」, 「結婚」.
結婚
marriage, getting married
結果
result
結構
fine, very good; no, thank you
結ぶ
to tie; to link
| Meaning | Your own | Someone else’s |
|---|---|---|
| husband | 夫 | ご主人 |
| wife | 妻 | 奥さん |
Tip
For your own husband, 「夫」 is the most neutral; you also often hear 「主人」. For someone else’s husband, say 「ご主人」. 「夫婦」 is the everyday word; 「夫妻」 is mostly for formal settings like invitations and the news (「田中夫妻」, Mr and Mrs Tanaka).
Friends, everyone, and “he”
- 達Strokes: 12
reach; (plural for people)
- On’yomi
- タツ
- Kun’yomi
- たち
The plural 「〜たち」 is often written in kana: 「わたしたち」, 「子どもたち」.
友達
friend
私達
we, us
上達
improvement (in a skill)
配達
delivery
- 皆Strokes: 9
everyone; all
- On’yomi
- —
- Kun’yomi
- みな・みんな
The on’yomi 「カイ」 is rarely used; learn the kun’yomi first. 「みんな」 is often written in kana too.
皆さん
everyone (addressing a group)
皆様
everyone (more polite)
皆
everyone (spoken)
- 彼Strokes: 8
he; that
- On’yomi
- —
- Kun’yomi
- かれ・かの
The 「かの」 of 「彼女」 is an old word for “that”.
彼
he; boyfriend
彼女
she; girlfriend
彼氏
boyfriend
Tip
Besides “he” and “she”, 「彼」 and 「彼女」 often mean “boyfriend” and “girlfriend” in conversation. Don’t use them to address someone; use their name with 「さん」.
Compare
English “brother” and “sister” don’t say who is older; Japanese splits them into four kanji: 「兄」, 「弟」, 「姉」 and 「妹」. Take them apart to remember them: 「姉」 and 「妹」 both have the woman radical, with 市 on the right of one and 未 on the right of the other, so think “姉 = 女 + 市” and “妹 = 女 + 未”. For someone else’s family, add 「お〜さん」 or 「〜さん」.
Reading words and sentences
うちは 四人家族で、兄と 妹が います。
There are four of us in my family: I have an older brother and a younger sister.
田中さんは 兄弟が いますか。
Tanaka, do you have any brothers or sisters?
姉は 去年 結婚して、今は 大阪に 住んで います。
My older sister got married last year and now lives in Osaka.
両親は 二人とも 元気です。
My parents are both well.
彼は 大学の ときの 友達です。
He’s a friend from university.
皆さん、今日は ありがとうございました。
Thank you all for today.
- 佐藤
リンさんは 兄弟が いますか。
Lin, do you have any brothers or sisters?
- リン
はい、姉が 一人 います。佐藤さんは?
Yes, I have one older sister. What about you, Sato?
- 佐藤
弟が 二人 います。上の 弟は 来月 結婚するんですよ。
I have two younger brothers. The older one is getting married next month.
- リン
それは おめでとうございます。相手は どんな 方ですか。
Congratulations. What is his partner like?
- 佐藤
大学の ときの 友達です。二人とも 優しいから、いい 夫婦に なると 思います。
A friend from university. They’re both kind, so I think they’ll make a good couple.
- リン
いいですね。うちの 姉も 早く 結婚したいと 言って います。
How nice. My sister says she wants to get married soon too.