JLPT N1 grammar

あくまで

1. To the end; persistently A
2. Strictly/merely A (emphasizing a stance)
3. Completely A, entirely A

僕は権利のためにあくまで戦う。I'll fight to the end for rights.

あっての

B is only possible because of A (without A, there is no B)

私の生活は家族あっての物でした。My life was only possible thanks to my family.

いかん

Regardless of A (A is a reason, response, result)

理由のいかんによらずレポートを提出しなかった者は落第とします。Regardless of the reason, those who didn't turn in their report will fail the class.

いかんでは, いかんによっては

Depending on A (in some cases)

この部分いかんによってはデザインを全て変えなければならない。Depending on this part, we may have to change the entire design.

うが〜うが

Whether A or B

限定グッズは高かろうが安かろうが絶対に欲しい。I absolutely want the limited-edition merchandise, whether it's expensive or cheap.

うと〜まいと, うが〜まいが

Whether or not A (is/occurs)

君が泣こうが泣くまいが、注射をします。You're going to get the shot whether or not you cry.

うにも〜ない

Even if A is attempted/thought about; A can't be done (there is no way to A)

足を怪我して歩こうにも歩けない。I hurt my leg, so I can't walk even if I wanted to.

お ~ ください

Please A (formal)

どうぞいすにお掛けください。Please have a seat.

かたがた

Using A as an opportunity/chance/way to B

あの男は報告かたがた言い訳をしていくからいやだ。I don't like how that man uses the reports as a way to make excuses.

がてら

Using A as an opportunity to B; Do A and B on the same occasion

そうだ、どうせなら散歩がてらに、林道に行って森林の奥でも……。I know! If we're going for a walk, we could take the forest road into the deep woods, or…?

からある, からの

Over A (stresses large amounts)

その男は百キロからはありそうな体で敏捷に走り回っていた。With a body that seemed to weigh over 100 kilograms, that man was nimbly running around.

からして

1. Judging from A; considering A.
2. Starting with A; even A (implying that the same applies to the rest).

あいつの話からして、 どうも彼女とうまく行ってないみたいだな。Judging from what he said, it looks like things aren't going well with his girlfriend.

Note 1. Because of A, B is a natural conclusion. 2. Considering A...; Thinking about A...

かれ 〜 かれ

Whether A or B; be it A or B (e.g., more or less)

だれでも健康について多かれ少なかれ関心がある。Everyone is more or less concerned with their health.

が早いか

As soon as A occurred; right after A

私が帰宅するが早いか、お風呂に入りました。No sooner had I returned home than I got in the bath.

きっての

The greatest B of A / The most B in all of A

彼女は学校きっての運動神経の持ち主だ。She has the best athletic ability in the whole school.

きらいがある

There is a tendency to do A (bad/undesirable thing)

あの二人はすぐにカッとなるきらいがある。Those two have a tendency to immediately fly into a rage.

きりがない

There's no end to A; there are no bounds to A

推測ばかりで根拠のない話をしていてもきりがない。If we're just making baseless guesses, there'll be no end to the conversation.

くらいなら

I would prefer (doing) B over A

納豆を食べるくらいなら、草を食べた方がマシだ。I'd rather eat grass than eat natto.

ぐらいのものだ

Only A

こんな時間まで遊び歩いてるのは彼ぐらいなものだ。He's about the only one who's still out having fun this late.

ぐるみ

All of A; the entire A

この辺は治安が悪い。以前は追いはぎに身ぐるみ剥がされた。The public order in this area is bad. Previously, I was robbed by a highwayman of everything I had.

こそ〜が

Although A is B (strong emphasis)

お父さんは見た目こそ怖いが、面白い人です。Although Dad has a scary appearance, he is an interesting person.

こそあれ

Although there is A (acknowledging A, then contrasting)

親には感謝の気持ちこそあれ、すべての意見に賛成とは言えない。I'm grateful to my parents, but I can't say I agree with all their opinions.

こそすれ

Certainly A, but by no means B (strong emphasis)

私は犯人に同情こそすれ、共感はできません。I sympathize with the criminal, but I absolutely cannot empathize with them.

ごとく , ごとき

Like A; as if A

彼のごとき男は今後二度と現れないだろう。A man like him will probably never appear again.

こととて

Because A

3 歳のころですか？ 昔のこととて、 覚えていません。When I was three? I don't remember because it was so long ago.

ことなしには

Without doing A, B cannot happen

ルール説明を聞くことなしには、 ゲームに参加できません。You cannot participate in the game without hearing about the rules.

ことのないように

So as not to A

寝坊することがないようにアラームをセットしました。I set an alarm so as to not oversleep.

これといって～ない

Not particularly/especially [N]

今日はこれといって、 やることがないんだ。There's not really anything to do today.

させていただきます / させてもらいます

Allow me to A

お先に失礼させていただきます。If you'll excuse me, I'll be leaving before you.

ざる

B that doesn't/isn't A

時を経ても変わらざる友は得難いものだ。It's hard to find friends that don't change over time.

ず に 済む

Not doing A will suffice; Can get by without doing A

おめえが告げ口なんかしなきゃ、先生に怒られずに済んだのに。If you hadn't tattled, we could have gotten by without the teacher getting angry.

ずくめ

Completely A; entirely A

彼女はいつも黒ずくめの服を着ていた。She was always wearing all black.

ずじまい

Ended up never doing A (regrettable)

図書館から借りた本は読まずじまいだった。I (regrettably) didn't read the book I borrowed from the library.

ずとも

Even without (doing) A

私たちは結婚せずとも幸せに暮らしています。We are, without getting married, living happily.

ずにはおかない / ないではおかない

Will definitely A; A will absolutely occur; bound to A

あの野郎、次会ったら説教しないではおかないぞ。That bastard—next time I see him, I'm definitely going to give him a lecture.

ずには済まない ／ ないでは済まない

A must be done (it won't suffice if A isn't done).

今日は重要な会議なんだ。 間に合わないではすまないぞ。We've got an important meeting today. I absolutely must be on time.

ずに済ませる

Get something done without doing A

今日の化粧は鏡を見ずに済ませたの。I got my makeup done today without looking in the mirror.

すら, ですら

Even A

兄ですら私の気持ちを理解してくれなかった。Not even my older brother understood my feelings.

そうもない

A doesn't look possible; the chances of A are very low

また実験失敗か。この分じゃ今夜は帰れそうもないな。The experiment failed again. At this rate, it doesn't look like I'll be able to go home tonight.

そばから

As soon as A, B

注意したそばからまた子供がおもちゃを散らかした。As soon as I warned them the children again scattered the toys about.

た が 最後

Once A occurs, B happens (an irreversible, usually bad result)

みつかったが最後、真珠は取り上げられてしまうぞ。Once the pearl is found, it will be taken away.

Note 1. Once A occurs, B inevitably follows (usually an undesirable result that cannot be stopped or continues thereafter)

だけではすまない

Doing A is not going to suffice; it's not going to end with just A

このまま雨が降らないと、不作というだけではすまないぞ。If it continues to not rain, poor crops won't be the end of it.

たことにする

To do/act/pretend as if A is true (when it isn't)

彼は宿題をやったことにして、 遊びに行ってしまった。He acted as if he had done his homework and went out to play.

ただ〜のみだ

Only A

試合に勝ちたいならただ練習するのみだ。If you want to win the game it's only practice (that you need to do).

ただ〜のみならず

Not only A; not just A

彼はただ優しいのみならず、 かっこいい！He's not only nice, but he's cool (too)!

たところで

Even if A; although A (is done)

私たちが話し合ったところで何も解決しないわ。Even if we discuss it, we're not going to reach any kind of resolution.

だに

1. With just A, B
2. Not even A

入院した祖母を思うだに涙が出る。Just thinking of my hospitalized grandmother brings tears to my eyes.

だの

A and B (giving examples from a list)

祖母はいつも足が痛いだの腰が痛いだのと大変そうです。My grandmother is always saying that her legs hurt, her lower back hurts, and so on; she seems to be having a hard time.

ためしがない

A is never the case, There is no precedent for A

残念ながら、彼の約束は守られたためしがないんです。Unfortunately, he has never kept his promise.

たら〜たで

If/once A happens, B follows in that situation or in its own way

旅行は乗り気じゃなかったけど、行ったら行ったで楽しかった。I wasn't interested in a trip, but after going I had fun.

Note 1. If/when A happens, that situation has its own merits, problems, or consequences.

たりとも

(Not) Even A

一瞬たりとも目を離すな。Don't take your eyes off of it even for a second.

たるもの

Those who are A; That which is A

リーダーたるもの、常に冷静沈着でなければならない。Those who are leaders must always be calm and collected.

つ 〜 つ

Doing A and B (repeatedly, one after another)

抜きつ抜かれつで白熱したリレーだった。It was a neck-and-neck, heated relay.

であれ, であろうと

1. Even A
2. Both A and B; whether A or B

明日は雨であろうとドライブに行きたい。Even if it rains tomorrow I want to go on a drive.

てからというもの

After A (happens), B changed (major change, everything changes)

新学期が始まってからというもの、とっても忙しいの。I've been very busy since the new term started.

でなくてなんだろう

It's definitely A (and not something else)

こんなに頭が痛くて、病気でなくてなんだろう。My head hurts so much I must be sick.

ては

1. If A; given A (followed by an unfavorable result)
2. Every time A happens, B
3. Doing A, then B, repeatedly

この会社の給料がこんなに安くては、だれも働きたくないよ。With wages this low at this company, no one wants to work here.

Note 1. Since A; because of A 2. Every time that A happens, B 3. Doing A, then B; A, then B, etc.

ではあるまいし

It's not like A; it isn't as if A

子供じゃあるまいしもう少し自分で考えてみない？It's not like you're a child, why don't you try thinking by yourself a bit more?

てはばからない

To do A without hesitation or reservation

彼女は自分が学校一の美人だと言ってはばからない。She doesn't hesitate to say that she's the most beautiful person in the school.

てもやむを得ない

Shows a natural consequence/result A that cannot be helped/avoided

明日は大雨の予報なので、花火大会が中止になってもやむを得ないでしょう。Heavy rain is forecast for tomorrow, so it can't be helped if the fireworks display is cancelled.

でも差し支えない

It's OK if A; it doesn't matter if A

私はあとでも差し支えありませんよ。Afterwards is OK for me.

て見せる

To show (the action) A

まず私が最初にやって見せますね。First of all, I'll do it and show you.

て止まない

To (always) think/feel/hope/etc. A (strong emphasis)

君が幸福になってくれることを願って止みません。I always hope that you will be happy.

と は 言え

Even though A; although it is said that A

彼女はプロではないとはいえ、その腕は玄人はだしだ。Even though she isn't a professional, she's got skills that'll shame a pro.

と は 裏腹

Contrary to A; opposite of A; ...

彼は、課長の言うこととは裏腹に真面目な男だった。Contrary to what the section manager said (about him), he was a serious person.

と 見る と

As soon as/whenever A (is realized/noticed/understood)

彼女は私が困っていると見ると助けてくれました。She helped me as soon as she realized I was in trouble.

と 言い ~ と 言い

Based on A and B, considering A and B; Both A and B (among others)

佐藤さんは可愛いと言い、面白いと言い、僕の理想の女性だ。Considering that Sato is cute and funny, she's my perfect girl.

と 相まって

Along with A

昨日までの疲労と相まって、風邪がいっそう辛く感じられる。Along with the fatigue up to yesterday, the cold feels all the rougher.

とあって

1. Because A, B
2. If A is the case, B (とあっては)

親友のピンチとあっては助けないわけにはいかないだろう。If it's your best friend in a pinch, you can't very well not help them, can you?

とあれば

If A (strong emphasis)

彼女は先輩が喜ぶとあればどんなことでもするだろう。She'll do anything if it'll make the upperclassmen happy.

というか 〜 というか

(not sure if it's) A or B

彼女は面白いというかユニークというか、素敵な人だと思う。She's interesting, or maybe I should say unique—either way, I think she's a wonderful person.

というのは

A, as to why, B

A：明日の会議は来れますか？ B：いけないんです。というのは、明日からしばらく休暇を取るからです。A: Can you come to tomorrow's meeting? B: I can't. As to why, I'm taking a bit of vacation/holiday from tomorrow on.

というもの

During/while (the period of time) A

この３日間というもの、忙しくて休んでいない。For these three days, I've been busy and haven't rested.

といえども

Even if A; even though A

素人といえども侮ってはいけない。Although they may be an amateur, you mustn't look down on them.

といったらない / といったらありはしない

Extremely A; Very A; A beyond description

あの人の話し方はひどいったらないね。That person's way of talking is extremely cruel.

といわず

Not just A, not just B, but ...

彼は本といわず時計といわず、手近な物を次々投げつけてきた。Books, a clock, whatever—he hurled anything within reach at me, one thing after another.

ときている

And on top of that, A; A is the case (emphasizing a fact)

彼はハンサムで頭脳明晰と来ている。He's handsome, and on top of that, brilliant.

Note 1. On top of that, A is the case (emphasizes a notable trait/circumstance, often as a reason)

ところを

Just when A happens; while in the state or situation described by A

お休みのところをお邪魔しまして、申し訳ありません。Sorry for bothering you during your time off.

Note 1. Just when A; in the situation of A (at a time when A)

とされる

It is said/believed/thought that A

社会人には一般的なマナーが大切とされる。Basic etiquette is considered important for working adults.

としたところで、としたって

Even supposing A; Even from the viewpoint (of) A

今日負けたとしたって、 君の努力が足りなかったわけじゃない。Even if we lost today, it wasn't because your effort was lacking.

Note 1. Even if A; even supposing A

とすると、とすれば

Supposing A is true; If A is the case

それが本当だとすれば、 すぐに行かなきゃ。Supposing that is true, we have to go right away.

とて

Even A; A is not an exception

明日は大事なイベントがあるんだ。 たとえ熱が出たとて、 休むわけにはいかない。There's a really important event tomorrow. So even if I get a fever, there's no way I can take the day off.

となく

A lot of/many A

私は父の書斎にある古びた本を何冊となく読んだ。I have read countless old books from my father's study.

とは

States surprise/emotion at A

終電がもう行ってしまったとは、どうしたらいいんだ。The last train's already left: what should I do?

とは / というのは

Defines a term/phrase A as B; The meaning of A is B

無農薬野菜というのは農薬を使わずに育てた野菜だよ。Pesticide-free vegetables are vegetables grown without using pesticides.

とばかりに

As if A (was true); Giving the impression of A

彼女は私が悪いのだとばかりに声を尖らせた。Her voice was on edge as if I was in the wrong.

とは比べ物にならない

It's no match for A; It's so different to A that it can't be compared

彼の運動能力は他とは比べ物にならない。His athletic skill is so high it can't be compared to others.

とも〜とも

Whether A or B

あいつの話は嘘とも本当とも付かない。I can't say whether what he says is true or not.

ともあろう

Despite B being A, (undesirable results)

議員ともあろう方が、不正を黙認していたなんて。Despite being a member of parliament, to tolerate wrongdoing…

ともなく , ともなしに

1. To do A mindlessly; without paying much attention to A
2. To state that person/place/time A tied to an action is not known

母と話すともなく話していたら、涙が出てきた。Talking to my mother without thinking too much about it, I began to cry (tears started to come out).

ともなると, ともなれば

When (the time/situation) A

一国の首長ともなると、さすがに物々しい警護だ。When it comes to the head of a nation, the security is, as expected, extremely heavy.

どんなに〜うが

No matter what A; no matter how A

どんなに大変だろうが最後まで諦めません。No matter how tough it is, I won't give up until the end.

と見える

It seems that A

太郎君はニコニコとして、何かいいことがあったと見える。Taro is grinning, it seems that something good happened.

と見られる

It is thought/said to (be) A, It is supposedly A

今年のインフルエンザの流行はピークを迎えたと見られる。It's thought that this year's influenza's reached its peak.

と言ったところだ

Display an amount/level/degree A (程度)

Ａ：お母さんの具合はどうだい？ Ｂ：うん、まあ、一進一退といったところだ。A: How is your mother's health? B: Well, she has her good times and bad times.

と思いきや

Even though A (was thought/expected), different result B

彼女は帰るのかと思いきや、僕の隣に腰を下ろした。Even though I thought she'd return home, she sat down next to me.

と来たら

As for person/thing A, B (surprising/negative info); When it comes to A

うちの親ときたら、小遣いなんか一円もくれないぜ。When it comes to my own parents, they won't even give me a single yen of spending money.

ないでいる

To continue (a state/situation) without doing A

あの先生は怖いのでまだ授業を受けずにいる。That teacher is scary so I haven't yet taken their class.

ないまでも

Even if A isn't done, (at least) B is/should be

君の部屋に本が多すぎるよ。捨てろとは言わないまでも片付けたら？There are too many books in your room. Not to say throw them away, but how about tidying them up?

Note 1. Even if one does not go so far as to do A, at least B

ないものでもない / ないでもない

A is not completely impossible; A can be done to some extent

もっと売上を出せるなら君の昇進を考えないでもないよ。If you can bring in more sales, I might consider promoting you.

ながらに, ながらの, ながらにして

1. While A; during the condition A
2. Since A (point in time)

家にいながらにして仕事ができる時代です。We live in an age where you can work without even leaving home.

なくして

Without A, B (can't be done, wouldn't be, etc.)

彼の力なくしては、我々は一勝も上げることはできなかったろう。Without his strength, we probably would not have even won a single game.

なしに

Without A; without doing A

これからは彼女なしでやっていかなければならないのだ。From now on I have to do things without her.

なら〜なり

If A/B is the case, in a manner appropriate to A/B

ピアノが好きなら好きなりに熱心にやってみたらいい。If you like the piano, you should try (using that feeling and) giving it your all.

ならいざ知らず

1. I don't know about A, but B
2. It may be possible for A, but B

１００年前ならいざ知らず、今はそんな話は聞いたことがない。I don't know about 100 years ago, but I've never heard of such a story now (these days).

ならでは

B is only possible at/with A; If it's not A, B is impossible

あんなにたくさんの護衛が付くなんて、首相ならではね。With all those guards: it can only be the Prime Minister.

なり

As soon as A (occurs), B

私は退院した父を見るなり涙が出た。I started crying the moment I saw my Dad (who had left the hospital).

なり〜なり

A or B (lists options/actions, of which one will be chosen/done)

それは先生なり親なり、 大人に相談するべきじゃないか？Shouldn't you consult with an adult: like your teacher or your parents?

なりとも

1. At least (a little bit) of A (usually a small amount)
2. One of A (used for showing one example out of a set/group)

彼女の病気を多少なりとも楽にしてやりたいんです。I want to help ease her sickness to some extent.

なりに, なりの, それなり

1. In A's own way; in a(n) A way
2. In its own way, A (descriptor/condition)

君は不満だろうが、彼は彼なりに頑張っているんだ。You're probably not happy, but he's doing his best in his own way.

に 至る

To become/do A in the end, To arrive at A

ついに本州最南端に至った。I've finally arrived at the southernmost tip of Honshu.

にあって

During time/situation A

不況にあっても彼らは楽しそうに暮らしている。Even during the recession they seem to be enjoying life.

にいたって

Upon reaching a point or stage A, B happens; only at that point does B happen

彼はここにいたって自分は無実だと言い出した。Only at this point did he start claiming that he was innocent.

Note 1. As for A; when it comes to A (に至っては) 2. Upon reaching stage or situation A (に至って) 3. Even upon reaching stage or situation A (に至っても)

にかぎったことではない

It's not limited to A; it's not only A

将棋はお年寄りに限ったことではなく、子供にも人気があります。Shogi (Japanese chess) is not just popular with the elderly, but with children as well.

にかこつけて

Under the pretense of A; With A as an excuse

彼は仕事にかこつけて毎晩飲み歩いています。He uses work as an excuse to go bar-hopping every night.

にこしたことはない

It's better if A; it's better if it's A

これから台風が来るから、 家で過ごすにこしたことはない。A typhoon is coming soon, so it's better to pass the time at home.

にして

1. At the time A; While A; At the stage/point A, B happens (B is important change/first time)
2. For the high (value)/special situation A

彼は二十歳にして社長になった。He became company president when he was twenty.

にとどまらず

Not only A (but also ...)

東高校の甲子園進出は、関係者にとどまらず町中の話題になった。Eastern High going to the National Baseball Tournament has become the talk of not just those involved, but the whole town.

には及ばない

1. There is no need to A
2. Doesn't reach the level/ability A; can't compete with A

遠慮には及びません、どんどん飲んで食べてください。You needn't hold back. Please eat and drink a lot.

には当たらない

There's no need to A; There's not enough so that A is necessary; it is not worth A

彼の受賞なんて驚くには当たらない。当然の結果だ。It's not really a surprise that he won the prize. It was a given.

にもまして

More so than the time/period A, B (condition)

今日はいつにもましてきれいだね。You look even more beautiful today than usual.

によらず

1. Regardless of A
2. Contrary to appearances (見かけによらず)

彼は見かけによらず優しい人だよ。Despite how he looks, he's a kind person.

Note 1. Regardless of A

に引き換え

In contrast to A

お兄さんは優秀だった。それに引き換え私はだめだ。You were excellent, big brother. I, on the other hand, am no good.

に堪える／に堪えない

1. Can't do A; can't stand/tolerate A
2. Can tolerate/withstand A, A is worth doing
3. Emphasizes/strengthens A (emotional term)

戦争の話はとても悲惨で聞くに耐えない。Stories of war are really tragic and I can't bear to listen to them.

に言わせれば

From the viewpoint of A

に至るまで

Up until A; as far as A

現代に至るまで神社は大切にされている。Shinto shrines have been taken good care of up until nowadays.

に先駆けて

The earliest; very first in A; Ahead of A; in advance of A

他県に先駆けて夏休みが始まった。Summer vacation began (here) ahead of the other prefectures.

に即して

In accordance with A; Keeping A in mind; In keeping with A

事実に即して議論してください。Please base the discussion on the facts.

に足る／に足りる

Enough to/for A; Sufficient for A; Worthy of A

君の意見は私には取るに足りない。Your opinion is nothing to me.

に難くない

It's not hard to A

彼が母親を亡くしたショックは察するに難くない。It's not hard to presume that he is in shock over losing his mother.

の 至り

Very A

社長自らおいでいただけるとは、光栄の至りです。It is the greatest honor to have the company president come in person.

のもと／をもと

1. Based in/on A
2. Under the guidance/direction of A (usually a person)

法の名のもとに不正は決して許されない。In the name of the law, wrongdoing must never be permitted.

のやら

I wonder A B; I don't know A B

私の娘はいつになったら一人で寝れるのやら。I wonder when my daughter will be able to go to sleep on her own.

~ばそれまでだ

If A happens, it's over (nothing will be of use)

僕は次の試験に落ちたらそれまでなんだ！If I fail the next exam it's over!

はおろか

B, let alone A; B, not to mention A

彼女は話すことはおろか、 満足に呼吸すらできていなかった。Let alone talk, she couldn't even catch her breath (breathe fully).

ばこそ

Because of A (strong emphasis)

健康であればこそ、楽しく過ごせる。It's precisely because I'm healthy that I can enjoy life.

はさておき

A aside, putting A aside, B (new topic)

彼はさておき、 あなたはどう思ってるの？Putting him aside, what do you think?

はどうあれ

Whatever the A; regardless of the A

理由はどうあれ遅刻したら試験は受けられません。Regardless of the reason, if you are late you cannot take the exam.

びる

Seems A; becoming A; acting like A

部屋の隅には古びたピアノがあった。There was an old-looking piano in the corner of the room.

ぶり

1. The condition/state of A
2. The first time B has been done in A (period of time)

山田さんの話ぶりからすると仕事がうまくいっていないようだ。Based on how Mr. Yamada is talking, it seems that his job is not going well.

ぶる

Acts like A; pretends as if A

この子はお兄さんぶって妹になんでも注意するんです。This child acts like an older brother and will warn his younger sister about anything.

べからざる

Cannot A; definitely must not A

親の愛情は子供にとって欠くべからざるものだ。The love of parents is indispensable for children (must not be lacking).

べからず

Shouldn't do A (A is forbidden)

作品に手を触れるべからず。No touching the works.

べく

For the purpose of A; in order/an effort to A, B (is done)

兄は志望校に合格するべく寝る間も惜しんで勉強している。In an effort to get into his school of choice, my older brother is studying without taking time to sleep.

べくもない

Can't A; can't expect to A; cannot possibly A

彼女が犯人だということは、 疑うべくもない。There is no doubt whatsoever that she is the culprit.

まくる

To do A a lot/incessantly

うちの犬は食べられる物はなんでも食べ捲る。Our dog incessantly eats everything that can be eaten.

まじき

Not fit for A (when A is a person); A can/should not be done (is wrong)

プロにあるまじき失態だ。A fault that a pro should not make.

までだ / までのことだ

Only A (will be done)

友達が欲しいなら人に親切にするまでだ。If you want friends, all you have to do is be kind to people.

までもない

It's not necessary for A (to be done)

こんな仕事、 先生においでいただくまでもありません。It's not necessary to have the doctor come for a job like this.

まみれ

Covered in A (negative condition)

子供たちはどろまみれになって遊んでいた。The children played and got covered with mud.

めく

To show signs of A; to give the appearance of A

彼女は皮肉めいた言い方をした。She spoke in a sarcastic way.

も〜なら、も〜だ

Both A/B and C/D are bad.

あの会社のサービスはひどいんだ、 社員も社員なら会社も会社だ。That company's service is awful. The employees are bad, and the company is just as bad.

もさることながら

While A is (true), B also, A is one thing, but B (as well)

彼女はその美貌もさることながら、抜群の演技力で話題になった。She became known not only for her beauty but especially for her outstanding acting ability.

もしないで

Without doing A at all

努力もしないでよい結果は期待できない。Without effort, you can't hope for good results.

ものとして

To presume/assume A; to consider A (as true)

予算はそれしかないものとして準備してくれ。Please prepare under the assumption that this is all the budget we have.

ものとする

A shall be the case; it is stipulated that A (formal rule)

会議には全員が参加するものとする。All members shall attend the meeting.

ものを

Although A, (unfortunate result) B

医者に診てもらえばいいものを、父は目眩は休めば治るといっている。Dad should see a doctor, but he says his dizziness will go away if he rests.

も何ともない

Not A at all (emphasis)

こんな切り傷、痛くも何ともないよ。A cut like this doesn't hurt at all.

V-よう

The way that A; the condition of A

この案件は進めようによっては成功するぞ。Depending on how we proceed, this project could succeed.

V-ようものなら

If A, bad/unfortunate result B

見た目だけで彼女を馬鹿にしようものなら、後々痛い目を見るよ。If you make fun of her only because of her appearance, you'll have trouble in the future.

や

1. A and B (a non-exhaustive list)
2. A or B (an approximate quantity, e.g. one or two)

多くの子供はピーマンやにんじんが嫌いだ。Many children hate green peppers and carrots.

Note 1. A and B (shows a non-exhaustive list of items) 2. A or B (small amount)

や 、 や 否や

As soon as A, B

彼は私を見つけるや否や駆け寄ってきた。He rushed over to me as soon as he found me.

やがる

(Someone) does something A (undesirable by the speaker)

あいつ、また仕事をさぼりやがったな。I can't believe that guy was loafing around at work again.

ゃしない

Don't/Doesn't A (at all)

娘は私の注意なんて聞きやしないんですよ。My daughter won't listen to my warnings at all.

ゆえに

Because of A

彼はその病気ゆえに苦労したこともあったという。Reportedly, he sometimes suffered hardships because of that illness.

ようでは

If (negative situation) A, B

朝自分で起きられないようでは先が思いやられる。If you can't even get up on your own in the morning, I worry about your future.

を 機に

Use A as an opportunity (to do something)

地元を離れるのを機に髪を染めてみようと思う。I'm thinking of using my move away from my hometown as an opportunity to try dyeing my hair.

を 境に

A marks a boundary, limit, or turning point

父が倒れたのを境に母はめっきり元気が無くなった。Ever since Dad collapsed, Mom has noticeably lost her energy.

を 経て

After A

入院を経てすっかり回復した彼女は、倒れる前以上に働いた。After being hospitalized and recovering, she worked even more than before she fell ill.

を 皮切り に

Starting with A

彼の発言を皮切りに場内は蜂の巣をつついたような騒ぎになった。Starting with his remark, the venue erupted into an uproar like a poked beehive.

を 余所に

Without regard to A; Ignoring A; Despite A

彼女は私たちの興奮を余所に一人押し黙っていた。Despite our excitement, she remained silent.

をおいて 〜 ない

Other than A, no one/nothing can B; A alone can B

この企画を成功させられるのは君をおいて他にない。There's no one other than you who can make this project succeed.

をもって(すれば)

1. With the means/ability/strength A, B is done
2. A marks the end of something happening (polite)

君の力をもってすれば、 難しい仕事ではないはずだ。With your strength, it should not be a hard job.

をものともせず

To defy A; in spite of A; to not lose to A

子供たちは寒さをものともせず走り回っている。The children run around despite the cold.

を禁じ得ない

Can't help but do A; can't hold back from A (emotional response to something)

彼女の生い立ちには同情を禁じ得ない。I can't help but feel sympathy towards her upbringing.

を控えて

With A approaching (in B amount of time)...

今月末の大会を控えて、選手は毎日練習に励んでいます。With the competition at the end of this month approaching, the athletes are working hard at practice every day.

を前提として

With A in mind; Thinking of A; Assuming A

私は君たちに勉学の意欲があることを前提として授業をしている。I am teaching this class under the assumption that you all have the desire to learn.

を踏まえて

Based on A

お客様のご意見を踏まえて新商品を発売します。We are launching some new products based on feedback from our customers.

を余儀なくされる

To be forced to do A (by circumstances)

地震で壁にひびが入り、引越しを余儀なくされた。Cracks appeared in the walls from the earthquake; I had to move.

んがため

For the purpose of doing A

家族に仕送りをせんがために、彼は必死に働いている。He works desperately in order to send money to his family.

んとする

Try to A, Be about to A

君の言わんとすることは分かります。I understand what you're trying to say.

んばかり

Seems like A; Seems as if A (will occur soon)

子供が死に、彼女は悲しみで気も狂わんばかりであった。She went nearly mad with grief after the child died.

案の定

Just as one thought, A

案の定、父はテレビを見ながら寝ていた。As expected, Dad was sleeping while he watched TV.

以下

A or less; at or below A (amount)

このジェットコースターは３歳以下は乗れません。Children aged 3 and under cannot ride this roller coaster.

暁には

After A, good thing/result B will happen/occur

私が当選した暁には公約を全て実現して見せます。When I am elected, I will fulfill all of my campaign promises—just watch.

極み / 極まりない

Extremely A

私なんかの名前を覚えていただいてたなんて、恐縮の極みです。I'm deeply humbled that you remembered the name of someone like me.

兼ねて

Also for the purpose of A; doubling as A

勉強をかねて同業者のイベントに参加した。I attended an event for people in the same industry, partly as a chance to learn.

限り

1. A marks the time that something ends/starts
2. To the full extent/usage of A

いよいよ今週を限りに、しばらくのお休みです。I've finally got some vacation coming as of the end of this week.

限りだ

Very A

僕の料理を褒めてもらえるなんてうれしい限りだよ。I'm so happy to have my cooking praised.

始末だ

Denotes negative results A

彼は悪びれるどころか、自分は何もしていないと言い出す始末だ。Far from looking ashamed (e.g. as if he did something wrong), he says that he didn't do anything (bad) at all.

内に入らない

Not really A; Can’t really be considered A

1日30分の勉強ぐらいでは、勉強をしている内に入りませんよ。With about thirty minutes of studying in a day, you can't really consider that as (proper) studying.

並み

The level of A; at the same level/degree as A

あの二人は兄弟並みに仲がよい。Those two are close like brothers.

傍ら（かたわら）

While doing A, B (A is the main action)

彼は仕事をする傍らボランティア活動をしている。He both works and volunteers.

予め

Do A (in advance of something else)

カレーを作ろうと思ったので、予め野菜を切っておいた。I was thinking of making curry, so I cut up the vegetables in advance.